PDF Download The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain
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The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain
PDF Download The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain
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Review
“This superb and innovative look at the evolution of language could only have been written by one person . . . Terrence Deacon. An extraordinary achievement! †- David Pilbeam, Professor of Anthropology, Harvard University“Essential reading for anyone interested in what makes us human.†- Merlin Donald, Professor of Psychology, Queens University, Ontario
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About the Author
Terrence W. Deacon is a professor of biological anthropology and neuroscience and the chair of anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. The author of The Symbolic Species and Incomplete Nature, he lives near Berkeley, California.
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Product details
Paperback: 528 pages
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company (April 17, 1998)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0393317544
ISBN-13: 978-0393317541
Product Dimensions:
6.2 x 1.3 x 9.2 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.9 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.2 out of 5 stars
40 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#714,529 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
This book is not for the casual layman. There is a lot of technical biological, psychological, and linguistic terminology. I don't think this book is easily read by someone without a decent education in at least one of these areas. The author is, without a doubt, very educated in human develop and language theories. He doesn't need to constantly cite erudite research and pointless texts to make a point. His prose is quite captivating and helps the reader become enamored with his way of thinking.The major theme of this book is: our traditional way of looking at the mind-language relationship is not necessarily true. The author talks about how this book was written from his experiences giving a talk at his child's school during career day. He is asked whether animals have a simple language and admitted that he didn't know how to answer the kid's question. His book probes into that idea. What is the difference between animals and humans in language ability? How come apes can develop some symbolic manipulation, and yet cannot maintain it? Why is it that a young ape learns language at a much quicker rate? These questions are posed in the beginning of the book. He then moves on to intelligence and human brain encephalization, as well as brain size and the ratio between brain and body. The section on intelligence and the brain brought up a lot of complex ideas behind intelligence. Why does a rat, whose brain/body ratio is quite high, not have the same intelligence as a human? And why do humans have a higher brain/body ratio than elephants? Such questions reach the corner of evolutionary, epistemological, and psychological thought.I'm still in the middle of the book. And I'll be continuing to look into this gem of a text. Has been inspiring a lot of good ideas.
Best Explanation of Evolution of LanguageTwo puzzles in the evolution of language are explained by Terence Deacon in The Symbolic Species (1997). Why does symbolic communication seem easy for humans yet almost impossible for other animals? And how and why did language develop in its original milieu of small hunter-gatherer bands? Deacon believes the brain tripled in size because it co-evolved with language for the sake of symbolic communication.Deacon’s section on language raises a puzzle: why do no animals use a simple language? Animals don’t have language because even a simple language requires the use of symbols, one word (or gesture) standing for another. Symbols seem easy for humans but are extremely difficult for other animals. Deacon then describes the enormous complexities of the human brain. But this leads to the other puzzle: how and why did this complex brain evolve in its original hunter-gatherer milieu?Deacon’s answer is that language co-evolved with the human brain specifically to foster symbolic communication. And symbolic communication was caused by the unique challenges of a bipedal lifestyle, especially sexual selection. Bipedalism forced hominids to live in cooperative groups for scavenging, hunting and defense against predators. Meat from large prey had to be shared, but sharing food does not come easily to any animal. And life on the ground in a multi-male multi-female group was very different from life in the trees. This new lifestyle caused physical changes, such as the loss of estrus, loss of hair, face-to-face intercourse, and female orgasm. It also created other challenges. Who mates with whom? Who rears and protects children? What dominance hierarchies will exist, if any? Deacon points out three consistent facts about human reproduction today: 1) both males and females usually assist in child-rearing; 2) a great majority of adults are pair-bonded to a member of the opposite sex; 3) these exclusive sexual relationships are maintained within a multi-male and multi-female social group. However, this social structure was unprecedented. It required new behaviors and better methods of communication. For pair-bonded adults, the selection of the fittest partner for an extended relationship of child-raising became critical for genetic success and encouraged more sharing of information about potential partners. Meat-sharing required reciprocity and the remembering of the past behavior of individuals to detect and control cheaters. These new communication needs for information about individuals were created by bipedalism and led to a new mode of communication by symbols, i.e., language.Deacon offers convincing explanations of these two puzzles in the evolution of language.
Another big name comes to the front in NCC. THEORY: DEACON. There is true substance in this volume; plenty to sink your teeth into. He jumps right in and gives you the ten steps to the language/brain dialectic, immediately, so you've got a picture of where his system is going. He links philosophy and neuroscience next; in order to present a dynamic with the subject as "mediator" between "sign" and "reference", but then takes you to unusual stages of constructing "sense" and "positing" the referant. Pretty accurate I would say. He's up on his phenomenology as well and gives us a detailed breakdown of the methodology employed by the mediating subject. And then the jump to NCC THEORY. But first NCC influences from gene- evolution and then regional discussions of the prefrontal cortex. And all of this contributes toward the construction of the "interpretant filter" through which all mediation begins. The presentation is very systematic, risk -taking, multi-dimensional, and responsible. You'll be able to put together an excellent organized picture of the entire enterprise with this well-thought-out presentation. You'll take tons of notes to keep up, but it's worth it. I think he plugs in well with ramachandran and his IPL. Language loop. They compliment each other. I recommend this book as equally as strong as ramachandran - that's saying something. Get it and start taking notes.
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